Case Study On Hurricane Floyd Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On Hurricane Floyd - Case Study Example The strength of this hurricane however has been recorded as the largest and strongest hurricanes to have ever hit the Atlantic. The reason for opting for hurricane Floyd for this particular case study is the intensity with which it pounded the Bahama Islands and moved into New England subsequently while damaging North Carolina and Florida on the way. Furthermore, it was also the cause for heavy floods and devastating storms which have led to several lives being lost. What originated as a mere tropical wave, turned into something so sinister that even the level of preparedness that had been taken care of in order to mitigate the effects of the hurricane, was not enough. While it crossed the Bahamas it remained under a category 5 status on the Saffir-Simpson scale, giving the meteorology department not much to alert the citizens about. Furthermore, it even weakened to a category 3 status with the winds ranging between 120 mph. thus the forecast that was broadcast regarding the tropical wave when it was out at sea was merely average as compared to the forecasts in the last decade. Only a fraction of the islands of the Bahamas received heavy winds for a small period of time and thus people were not aware that something bad could have struck, due to lack of common warning because of the varying wind pressure. Mitigation is the process of lessening the impact of an impending disaster in order to minimize its effects and cause the least amount of trouble and trauma to the people, possible. Not much could have been done in order to mitigate or lessen the impact of this hurricane except for keeping an eye on its movement and the meteorology department keeping a check on the wind speeds and directions of movement of the hurricane. People were informed well in time in order to leave their homes and as the President had declared emergency, it was the maximum that could have been done. Preparedness on the other hand refers to the measures that are

Meaning of life, Life Essay Example for Free

Meaning of life, Life Essay Suffering is an inevitable part of life. We all live in this big labyrinth of suffering. Th only way out of the labyrinth is death. † To live is to suffer, to survive to find meaning in the suffering. Few peopl e actually commit suicide to liberate themselves form suffering. Most people find meaning or purpo se for their life so that they have the motivation to live on. Some think that suffering make them wis er, some think that suffering is a test of faith, there will be rewards for them in the after life if they c an endure the suffering on earth. Some people couldnt understand but keep going on with their life for their loved ones. Some people keep themselves busy to dodge from the question. My view on this question is that suffering does not make life any more or any less meaningful. Beca use as an atheist, I believe that there is no God, the Universe does not have a divine plan for us. Tha t the existence of life is just purely a miraculous accident. When we die, we stop existing. The time we spend on Earth will not amount to anything in an afterlife in another dimension. Therefore, life i s inherently meaningless, with or without pain and suffering. Human are powerless in the face of m eaninglessness . The only way we can deal with life is to embrace the fact that there is no intrinsic va lue in life. We can only create our own meanings. One can create meaning of life with or without su ffering. But since suffering is an inseparable part of our life, it more or less give us insights on mean ing of life. Dr. Bernard Rieux can best exemplifies my point of view. When the plague got out of control and O ran was placed under quarantine, it didn’t stop the doctor form battling the plague, fighting the war t hat was doomed to fail. At this point, many would wonder what is meaning of of the doctor’s action s when they are all in vain. The answer can be found in a dialogue he shared with Tarrou. Tarrou asked the doctor why he was so committed to fighting the plague if he does not believe in G od. The doctor replied that whether or not God exist is irrelevant and he didn’t have the time to thin k about what waits him in the future and what will come out of his actions. The only thing he knew that there were sick people suffering and they needed to be cured. Even though he admitted that his struggles against death would only be temporary victories and that the plague was what he referred as an†endless struggle†, he said that this was not the reason to give up struggle. From the dialogue, we can see the doctor was aware of the intrinsic meaninglessness of his life, bec ause he said he wouldnt waste time to think about the existence of God and what his action will lea d to him. If he deemed his life has inherent meaning, he should have thought about the above questi ons. Thought he considered that his life is inherently meaningless, the plague gave me the meaning. The meaning lies in the other people. The doctor was fully aware that his attempts at lifting people out of misery is an impossible task as more and more people became infected and die. And there were no effective cure. Basically, his sitti ng around and doing nothing or wearing himself off to save the patients might just possibly lead to s ame outcome. However, the doctor did not stop his work in face of his powerlessness to alter the situation. Becaus e under this situation, he was left with only two choices, ignore it or act on it. There was no third op tion. The doctor chose the later one because he couldnt bear to see people suffer and doing nothing about it. It’s meaningless to battle the unwindable battle against the plague. It was not defeating the plague that gave meaning to the doctor. It was the people gave him meaning. It was his compassion for others that keep him going in times of suffering. From the case of Dr. Rieux and his battle against the plague, we can see similarities in the real worl d. The plague is like the amoral universe, and Dr. Rieux represents all the human beings. We are po werless in face of the meaningless of life, just as Dr. Rieux was powerless in face of the plague. But we do have a choice, we can create meanings for ourselves just as Dr. Rieux has learnt from sufferin g and found meanings in helping people. Winston Smith from 1974 1984 somewhat share some similarities with Dr. Rieux in terms of action upon the unchangeable, though he was not such a noble and heroic person as Dr. Rieux. In his case, the unchangeable was the Big Brother. Winston Smith lived in a state where every moves, every wo rds ands every thoughts he made were monitored by the Party. In the instance of living in an extrem e state where even having disloyal thought against the party is in violation of law. The meaning of li fe for Smith was not to start a revolution and topple the party, and change the system entirely. Thou gh Smith had thought about it and desired it to happen. Deep down he believed that it was impossibl e to achieve the goal and sooner or later he would be arrested by the Party. Nevertheless, he set out t o challenge the limits of the Party. He kept a diary which has† Down with the Big Brother† written o n it over and over again. He had an forbidden affair with Julia. Also he joined the Brotherhood whic h he believe is the enemy of the Party. I think the meaning for Smith did not lie in being the hero. What was important for him was to stay as human as possible. Through the rebellious acts against the Party in his own ways, he got to keep his spirit and his human side. That was the meaning he could find for himself. Despite the fact that he was completely compromised at last when he was brought into Room 101, where he was tortured to an extreme degree and indoctrinated to cure his â€Å"insaneness†. He was com pletely broke and dehumanised. His passionate hatred towards the Big Brother turned into absolute l oyalty and love. He should not be blamed for betraying Julia and not upholding what he believed in the first place in such extreme conditions. After all, he did try to rebel against the Big Brother even t hough deep down he knew he couldn’t do anything to overthrow the Big Brother. Dr. Rieux and Winston Smith resolved the question of meaning through their rebellious acts against the plague and the Big Brother. There are people who find suffering itself reveals the meaning of lif e. Father Paneloux is a good example to illustrate this point of view. In his first sermon addressing t he plague. He said that the plague was a punishment by God. That it was the result of the sin of all c itizens. He criticised the people for not attending church and repenting for their sins. Therefore the p lague was reminder of God’s power and the Oran residents should start to change their habits and st art to fear God again. Unlike Dr. Rieux, who is an atheist, Father Paneloux based his life and work on his christian faith. F rom a Christian point of view, everything happens on earth has purpose and fit into the grand plan o f God. Therefore, it was his job to make sense of the suffering of the plague so that he and the peopl e listening to him will be able to endure and continue to believe in God. From his interpretation of s uffering, the meaning of life for Father Panels was more easily understood than Dr. Rieux and Winst on Smith. The meaning of life was really simple, that is to serve and honour God in his will. Though he changes his view on suffering drastically after witnessing the death of an innocent child. He did not view suffering as a punishment anymore. He said that the reason why a innocent child sh ould suffer was not something that human would necessarily understand no matter how hard they tri ed. They just had to keep in mind that it was God’s will. One must keep his faith and God and find t he good in bad situation. In spite of a changing tone, the meaning for Father Paneloux remained the same- to serve God. To conclude, life itself is inherently meaningless. Not even religion can provide an universal answer to the meaning of life. There are no answers for that and never will be. Suffering does not make one’ s life meaningful. But through suffering one might find meanings in life and live a meaningful life. Wu Ngai Ching, Ivy 20189319 Grade: 21/25 ? 19/25 (due to 2-day late submission) Comments: ?Ivy – In terms of the main thesis of the essay, you’ve done a good job delineating your own atheist view on the meaning of life and drew 3 examples from the 2 works to discuss what m ight be the meaning of life for them. Your argumentation is quite right and your analysis of e ach of their reaciton and thoughts on this difficult question is right on. ?However, you simply â€Å"narrated† through the whole essay without really giving detailed or c oncrete evidences from the book. I wish you could provide some passages or quotes from se veral particular moments in the book to clearly illustrate your point. This is one of the ways t o demonstrate that you’ve actually done the reading, and that is also what we’ve been doing in class – making your point across by providing specific passages/instances in the book as c oncrete evidence. So please remember to do so for your final paper!

Essay --

Chis passed away 3 days later at the age of 41. Chris died naturally, and that was the way he wanted it. Today, people have options in death. Physician assisted suicide is defined by Merriam Webster, as â€Å"suicide that is carried out with the help of a doctor† (Merriam Webster). It is usually carried out by a lethal dose of medication which makes you fall asleep and then stops your heart. The process usually takes about 30 minutes. It could look something like this, and you would drink it from a straw. Show the glass with the mixture and a straw. It takes about this much to kill a grown man. Physician Assisted Suicide is currently an option offered in four states and has been considered in forty six others. Today, I am here to talk about Physician Assisted Suicide, and how it should not be legal in any state. Most of us, especially at our age, don’t really don’t think too much about terminal illness and death, but a terminal illness could happen to anyone of us, or someone we love or care about. Physician assisted suicide is not legal in Minnesota, but it is legal in Oregon, Vermont, Washington and Montana. This is a hotly debated issued because there are such strong opinions on both sides. Those in favor of Physician Assisted believe that each person when faced with their own inevitable death, deserve the right to end their lives on their own terms without pain and suffering. Those that oppose any legislation to believe it violates the physicians fundamental Hippocratic oath which is to â€Å"Do No Harm,† and that it is a dangerous and slippery slope. Jane St. Clair who founded an organization called The Compassionate Choice, lost her mother, father, and sister to cancer. She wrote that Physician Assisted Suicide ... ...a life, the caregiver is able to offer medications, treatments, as well as a willingness to listen and provide support and guidance through a very difficult time. This can make the experience much easier for the patients and their families. Even though Physician Assisted Suicide is currently not being considered in Minnesota, there are ways we can support the efforts to not have this be legal in any state. Please consider becoming a part of the pursuit of ending Physician Assisted Suicide by joining the many established national disability organization that oppose assisted suicide. They include: The National Council on Independent Living, The National Spinal Crd Injury Association, The Disability Right Education and Defense Fund, and the National Council on Disability. By becoming involved you can help each state be free of Assisted Suicide. Thank you!

Rastafari Culture The Extreme Ethiopian Rasta Vs. The Mellow Dallas Ras

Rastafari Culture The Extreme Ethiopian Rasta Vs. The Mellow Dallas Rasta Many people throughout the world have a hard time understanding what it means to be a Rasta. For some their troubles in understanding Rasta’s come because they look as Rastafari as only a religion. When one does this they run into many problems. This is because Rastafari is much more than a religion. It is a way of life, a social movement, as well as a mind set. Another reason why western people have a hard time understanding Rastafari is because the movement lacks the structure that the western world is use to. A lot of people’s understanding of Rasta’s only goes as far as to think that Rasta’s are people that live in Jamaica, smoke weed, and have Dreadlocks. These people do not begin to think what is behind the movement. The idea that Rastafari is strictly Jamaican is also very wrong. Since the origination of Rastafari, the Rasta movement has expanded far beyond the island of Jamaica. Rasta’s now live all over the world. There are Rasta cultures in all parts of Europe, Asia, New Zealand, United States, and especially Africa. This paper seeks to explain Rastafari and to show it’s expansion by exposing Rasta’s culture from it’s most holy form in Ethiopia to one of it’s least holy in Dallas Texas. The Development of Rastafari The Rastafari movement stems from the teachings of the great Jamaican leader and motivator of masses, Maces Garvey. Garvey told the African people of the world to unite and to return to African, the homeland. Garvey’s vision was for the â€Å"Blacks to overcome their feelings of inferiority and build upon their own unique and evolving culture, and ultimately return to Africa to redeem their homeland and to build a future... ...own That Rasatafarians Built.† Ethiopian World Federation June 1 2002 Dubb, Adjua. â€Å"Rastrari Way of Life† JahWorks.org Nicholas, Tracy. Rastafari A Way of Life (Pamphlet no other info given) Jones, Linda. â€Å"The Rasta Way – Dallas Rastafarian community steadfastly pratices an often misunderstood religion† 08/11/96 Niceup April 4 2002 Lewis, William. Soul Rebels The Rastafari. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, Inc., 1993 â€Å"Rastafari Campaigner Taking Cannabis Case To African Commission† South African Press Association 20 March 2002

Growing Up Asian in Australia Creative Story Essay

I just had an enormous fight with my mother, â€Å"I forbid you to ever go near the athletic track when you’re under my roof.† She didn’t take the news of my athletic training too lightly. â€Å"You go back there, you’re out! Out on the streets!† I grabbed my runners and slammed the front door on her. When she was out of earshot, I started insulting her with every swear word I knew, in both English and Vietnamese. I started running as fast as I could, but I should stop there and explain the whole thing. This morning I drifted between consciousness and sleep while everyone bustled around getting ready. They all get up so early and seem to stomp around the house for what feels like an hour before they finally leave. When the noise had subsided I managed to fall back asleep and woke up to my alarm and the foul smell of pho wafting from the kitchen. When I had dragged myself out of bed, I shuffled to the kitchen, enjoying the emptiness of the house. I like having it to myself in the morning, in fact I’d rather have it to myself most of the time, but my family never seem to leave. The house always feels so full. I unfolded and perched myself on one of the new kitchen stools my mum decided on. I picked out the pieces of chicken from the pho and threw away the rest of the noodle soup. I keep asking for something more edible for breakfast, like vegemite on toast, but mum insists that we eat our traditional cuisine. I left for school, jogging to school is my favourite part of the day. There’s just something about jogging in the morning, I can taste the crisp air as I breathe in and the feeling of it whipping my face and legs wakes me up. I sat outside of the locker bay, I can’t stand going in there during ‘peak hour’, the stench, a combination of sweat, deodorant, and old food, makes me want to puke. There’s always that crowd of older girls staring at me with that look of disgust as I walk through the corridor with my shiny black hair held up in a bun with some chopsticks and my uniform skirt that reached my knees that my mum made me wear. This was in contrast to the blonde hair and pasty white skin the other girls had. Their school uniforms barely covered their bums and I could almost see what they had for breakfast. I was used to it now though, being different to the other kids. My mother was big on  honouring our traditional culture, it was getting a bit ol d for me though. But I strolled through the door catching my breath, and ignored the girls as I have come accustomed to doing every morning. As I made my way to English I reminded myself why I hate school and I couldn’t wait to get to the athletic track just as my mum had told me not too. I despised English, I was no good at it, I always managed to get it confused with my home language. I was so conscious not to make mistakes. The other kids would give me the strangest of looks when I couldn’t think of the right words, I could hear them whispering amongst themselves whenever I raised my hand to speak. Shazza in the back row would always have a remark, â€Å"Here we go, dark one,† after being called anything and everything enough times, I stopped wincing. But class went quickly anyway, which most kids would be thankful for, but I hated lunchtime. I couldn’t stand the other kids staring at my lunch in the cafeteria, I was always eating something different to the other kids, they would grab there salad sandwiches and eat quietly together, whereas everyone could smell my goi from a mile away. I was lucky to get spring rolls one day, at least it was familiar to the other kids. I dreaded lunch time for that reason, I was sick to death of everyone starin g at me and asking, â€Å"what is that?† â€Å"where did you get that from?† â€Å"why does it smell like that† Not to mention there was always that one blatantly rude person that would walk past and simply just say, â€Å"ew, yuck† I just wasn’t in the mood today after the morning I’d had. After school, I made my way quickly to the athletics track, I knew my mother wouldn’t approve of this choice but it was the only place I could be myself. I quickly got changed into my active shorts and Nikes and made my way around the track. I could feel the breeze skim through my hair as my loose shirt caught the brisk air behind me. This was my sanctuary, the feeling was bliss. I made my way home, bracing myself for the approaching argument I was about to have with my mother. That feeling of pleasure left my body as quickly as it arrived. I stepped into the front door, and closed it behind  me as quietly as I could, maybe she wouldn’t notice I was late home. But before I could even take the first few steps inside, I heard mum coming from the kitchen, â€Å"where have you been!† â€Å"I told you not to go back to that athletics track!† â€Å"does this family mean nothing to you?† â€Å"you are too come home and do your homework afterschool, not run around willy nilly out on that track!† â€Å"now go and get those shoes off and go to your room!† The next day, I went straight home after school like my mother had said, she made me sit at the bench perched up on those hideous stools and do my homework until dinner time. She keeps telling me to respect our culture, and how if I were in Vietnam, I’d still be at school at this hour. Hearing about Asia frustrates me, it just reminds me that I don’t belong anywhere. But I didn’t have a choice, I sat there alone in front of my open books. I was almost the queen of procrastination, so I found myself questioning why I let her dictate how I spent my afternoon and why those nasty girls at school continuously direct cruel comments at me.. I was much more alert the following day, I sat in bed awake until I heard the front door close, it was the silence of the house and just the sound of clocks ticking, when I knew that the house was finally empty. I jumped out of bed, more enthused than ever, I ran straight into the bathroom and snapped the chopsticks I usually pin in my hair. I spent my time straightening my hair and piling on the makeup. This was something I’d never done before, it took me ten minutes to realise what the mascara was for, only after reading the fine print on the side of the bottle. I plucked and pampered myself until I felt like one of those geisha dolls, I was just missing the pointed conical hat. But I wasn’t thinking about Asia today, today I was purely Australia. A true blue Aussie Sheila. I was enjoying the emptiness of the house as I ran into my bedroom and pinned my school dress up to the top of my leg, a length that my mother would never catch me dead in. I was excited about scho ol today, I was excited for my salad sandwich that I’d just freshly cut diagonally and to see the look on the other girls  faces when they see me in the corridor. It was my favourite part of the day, my jog to school, it was more liberating this morning, I was more excited to arrive at the front gate, although I found myself running slower than usual. The wind wasn’t whipping my face at the same speed, I was conservative, I didn’t want to work up a sweat or do anything that might ruin my hair or smudge my mascara. I didn’t wait outside the locker bay today, I was ready to face everyone bright and early. I walked past the girls whom stand in the same place every morning and instead of the greasy look I get most mornings, each and every one of them looked me up and down, but in a good way. They actually seemed impressed to see me. The look on their faces was worth all the effort I had been to that morning and I was even more excited to get to class. People treated me differently today, it must’ve been about the way I looked. The kids in the cafeteria looked at me differently than usual, instead of a look of repulse, they were almost captivated to see what I had for lunch. Although my salad sandwich wasn’t as satisfying to the tastebuds as my traditional cuisine, I was more satisfied within myself especially when a few of the older boys said hello to me as they walked by, I couldn’t believe it! I was content with myself today, this was a feeling I hadn’t experienced for a while. I was even more excited to go to the athletics track this afternoon, I knew my mum would disapprove but maybe she wouldn’t know, I could just go there quickly and she might not realise what time it is when I get home. So I made my way there, I jogged to the track to save time warming up when I arrive. I sprinted into the change room, the smell of sweat was overwhelming and I just got a hint of a mild scent of cheap fragranced deodorant, that didn’t stand a chance in the old water damaged change rooms. I quickly threw my hair up into a messy bun, this wasn’t too different to usual, but my hair was still so silky straight that I looked like I’d gone to a lot of effort. I ran out onto the track as quickly as I had arrived and jumped straight into my lane. It was an exhilarating feeling, side by side my biggest competitor, she always undermined my abilities, but after the day I’d had I  was ready to take her on, I was sprinting as fast as I possibly could coming down the 100m stretch, I looked up and to my surprise my mum was standing up in the stand at the finishing line. She looked cross, but all I could think about was beating the girl beside me, she started to fall be hind, but I pushed through to the end and stepped over the finish line a length in front. I set a personal best! As I caught my breath I turned to my mum who was walking towards me, she still looked mildly unimpressed although the hint of a little smile was seeping through her smirking lips. I felt her arms wrap around me, which was totally unexpected as I hugged her back. â€Å"I am proud of you,† she said. â€Å"I’m sorry I didn’t let you train, I didn’t realise how happy it made you.† â€Å"But that beaming smile proved me wrong, and you’re so talented.† These words were more than touching coming from my mother, she then asked about the remainder of the makeup that was running down my face, I’d forgotten to wash it off in such a rush! I explained to her about the people at my school, and that I felt half & half, like I didn’t belong anywhere. She enlightened me to the fact that I didn’t have to change my identity to meet other people’s expectations, she said she supported me in my choice to be half Aussie and I was then allow to attend the training track whenever I wanted.

Role Children Play Within Tourism Decision Making Process Tourism Essays

Role Children Play Within Tourism Decision Making Process Tourism Essays Role Children Play Within Tourism Decision Making Process Tourism Essay Role Children Play Within Tourism Decision Making Process Tourism Essay Selling and consumer behaviour research identifies kids as active and experient consumers able to exercise significant influence on purchase determinations made by their parents ( Bakir et al. , 2006 ) . Interestingly, touristry literature has mostly ignored kids s real impact on household vacation purchases by cut downing kids s engagement in the procedure to passive engagement. Until late research workers were preponderantly concerned with the husband-wife decision-making pattern, accordingly understating the importance of kids s input in the procedure ( Wang et al. , 2004 ) . However, recently, the position contending that kids s engagement is non limited to subjecting to parents concluding picks, but proposing that kids do take an active portion in doing holiday-related determinations has received attending. The paper attempts to critically measure the function tweens, i.e. kids inbetween childhood and adolescence, drama within the phases of the touristry decision-making pattern. In order to accomplish this purpose, the essay begins with sketching the specifics of the household holiday decision-making procedure and identifies the general place of kids within it. Following, the paper provides the definition of tweens and analyses their function in the touristry decision-making procedure. Subsequently, the papers recognises the major factors finding the extent of kids s engagement in household touristry decision-making. Research restrictions every bit good as chances for farther geographic expedition are identified at the decision. The generic consumer decision-making theoretical account dwelling of four cardinal phases ( i.e. need acknowledgment, information hunt, options rating and concluding purchase ) is normally adapted to holiday-related picks analysis ( e.g. Dunne, 1999 ; Bronner A ; de Hoog, 2008 ) . However, contrary to standard purchase state of affairs concerned with doing individual, informed determination between the identified options, touristry decision-making procedure is more complex. The original acknowledgment of the demand to travel on vacations triggers a assortment of smaller sub-decisions to be agreed on, such as the finish, bundle supplier, adjustment, agencies of conveyance, or the activities undertaken at the finish ( Blichfeldt, 2008 ) . Additionally, frequently devouring a big part of household s income and transporting hazard due to intangibleness of the nucleus merchandise the procedure involves significant research beforehand ( Dunne, 1999 ) . Recent surveies propose that as tourism-related activities are preponderantly shared experiences typically undertaken within the household unit, the decision-making procedure is in fact a concerted pattern. The procedure is believed to be organised around jointly accomplishing a consensus between divergent demands of single household members in mention to the sub-decisions ( Bronner A ; de Hoog, 2008 ) . Furthermore, the faculty members perceptual experiences of the grade of determination power assigned to partners in the household decision-making pattern have changed. Initially, household touristry decision-making was believed to be either hubby or wife-dominated ( Jenkins, 1978 ) . Changes in traditional household construction, such as dislocation of gender function stereotypes enforced change of the common position ( Nanda et al. , 2006 ) . Recent surveies suggest that the pick of leisure activities is typically a procedure where both hubby and married woman portion equal powers ( Fodness, 1992 ; Bronner and De Hoog, 2008 ) . Consequently, the identified democratization of bridal decision-making and rise in popularity of broad upbringing theoretical account ( du Bois-Reymond et al. , 2001 ) has influenced the perceptual experience of kids s function in the decision-making procedure by excusing their active engagement. Additionally, guilt factor is believed to do parents more antiphonal to kids s demands and wants ( McNeal, 1999 ) while make up ones minding on holiday purchase. Where frequently both parents are prosecuting full-time businesss, traveling on vacations with kids serves the intent of re-strengthening emotional parent-child bounds and frequently compensates for the limited clip spent together outside of prearranged leisure activities ( Nickerson and Jurowski, 2001 ) . That manner, in the touristry decision-making procedure being chiefly concerned with struggle declaration and happening consensus between single demands ( Thornton et al. , 1997 ; Bronner A ; De Hoog, 2008 ) kids s demands receive considerable attending compared to the demands of the grownups. Appreciation of kids s penchants in mention to vacation purchases occurs in a double manner. First, kids can indirectly act upon the determinations reached by the parents by merely bespeaking what they prefer ( Gram, 2006 ) . Satisfying kids s demands ( even the 1s parents merely assume to be ) has been identified as a powerful motive for vacation enterprises and factor significantly act uponing the subsequent determinations made by the parents, such as the pick of adjustment supplying the type of nutrient the kid is accustomed to. Parents frequently give kids s penchants precedence, even at the costs of basking themselves less ( Dunne, 1999 ; Thornton et al. , 1997 ; Cullingford, 1995 ) . By making so, parents attempt to protect themselves from inauspicious effects of non to the full run intoing kids s demands, i.e. ruined vacations. Although reported powerful throughout the assorted age groups, the indirect influence is the most outstanding in determinations affecting younger kids ( Dunne, 1999 ) . This is motivated by the fact that younger kids can non supply and care for themselves, and are less cognizant of the active portion in the procedure they could play. Furthermore, research suggests that kids can exercise direct influence on the touristry decision-making procedure by moving as active agents and negotiants. The extent of kids s direct engagement is believed to increase with age ( Jenkins, 1978 ; Darley and Lim, 1986 ; Swinyard and Sim, 1987 ) . Possibly this arises from kid s greater exposure to decision-making patterns in outer-family environment and emotional maturing. Tweens, an age group dwelling of kids in between adolescence and childhood ( 7-11 or 8-12 year-olds ) , constitutes a peculiarly interesting subject in mention to active engagement in touristry decision-making. McNeal ( 1999 ) characterises tweens as kids who seek designation and recognition among their equals instead than parents, but however remain affiliated to the household for safety and comfort intents. Importantly, exposed to heavy advertisement and secondary socialization, tweens constitute a vigilant and experient consumer group with clarified gustatory sensations ( Blichfeldt et al. , 2010 ) . Additionally, tweens are reported to develop faster in the emotional domain than their age would bespeak ( Lindstrom, 2003 ) . They are found to be experienced and culture-aware tourers open to unfamiliar environments ; non easy entertained and looking for attractive forces other than drama chances ; and cognizant of adult-related push factors as incentives for traveling on vacation ( Blichfeldt et al. , 2010 ) . Nevertheless, tweens still necessitate the reassurance of their basic demands ( Dunne, 1999 ) . Thereof, reared in the sociocultural environment which grants them the right to take part in the household determinations, fashion-conscious and experienced in tourer ingestion tweens play a significantly active function within the decision-making procedure. The extent of their effectual engagement exceeds the degrees that could be assumed when entirely measuring their physical age. Second, tweens execute significant indirect influence on the touristry determinations by still belonging to the age group necessitating the greatest attending in guaranting safe environment. Although the sum of kids s general engagement in the procedure is believed to increase with age, the research workers agree that the degree of active engagement diminishes as the decision-making procedure advancements ( Swinyard and Sim, 1987 ; Wang et al. , 2004 ) . The specifics of the touristry determinations: high hazard that needs to be offset by seeking for external information and costs associated with the purchase consequence in parents exerting greater control when nearing the concluding determination. On sum, tweens are found to be the most actively take parting in the early phases of the touristry decision-making procedure. In peculiar, research portrays consistent findings as to tweens engagement in the demand acknowledgment ( i.e. primal ) phase of the procedure ( e.g. Dunne, 1999 ) . This can be motivated by the fact that vacationing provides a sense of acknowledgment and belonging to the equal group as leisure activities are a frequent subject of tweens conversations. Thereof, opinion-conscious tweens have a personal interest in the vacation determination coming true, therefore become actively involved in guaranting that such demand is recognised. Furthermore, as parents are reported to see vacations are primary for kids to profit of, they encourage tweens input to guarantee that the experience is gratifying ( Swinyard and Sim, 1987 ; Dunne, 1999 ; Blichfeldt, 2008 ) . Considerable direct engagement is besides reported in the information hunt phase ( Blichfeldt et al. , 2010 ) . Tweens are said to fall in their parents in look intoing the possible options for a assortment of determinations. Despite the fact that parents are said to be receptive of kids s input ( Dunne, 1999 ) studies reveal that tweens frequently resort to dialogues or blackmail as a manner of exerting the influence on the pick of option ( Gram, 2006 ; Nanda et al. , 2006 ) . Furthermore, it is noted that tweens impact can progress to rating phase where they voice their sentiments on the options available. Interestingly, surveies further study that the information phase is in some cases delegated to kids and remains their duty ( Blichfeldt et al. , 2010 ) . Therefore tweens place can be elevated to the degree of the parent in the information hunt phase. However, the general extent to which kids actively shape touristry determinations reached by the household, remains controversial ( Wang et al. , 2004 ) . The research findings are consistent in the impression that kids s influence does non outweigh parents overall authorization ; nevertheless disagreement can be observed in the findings on the peculiar sub-decisions tweens participate most actively in. Some faculty members propose that tweens act as dynamic agents throughout the entirety of vacation determinations ; whereas others report their active influence on cheap and comparatively undistinguished elements such as eating house pick ( Szybillo and Sosanie, 1977 ; Jenkins, 1979 ) , or the activities undertaken while at the finish. Sing tweens fashion-consciousness and selling consciousness the impression that tweens do actively seek to act upon the more important determinations such as pick of bundle in a peculiar fashionable and popular area/accommodation seems appealing. Additionally, research identifies a figure of factors perchance holding an influence on the grade of kids s in general, and tweens in peculiar engagement in the touristry decision-making procedure outside of the aforesaid nature of the determination topic. Culture constitutes an of import variable, as it warrants the functions assigned to persons within the household ( Bakir et al. , 2006 ) . Western civilizations propagating individualism and development of independent idea as the nucleus values later influence parents in grasp of the kid oppugning world, therefore leting more proactive engagement in the household decision-making procedure. Linked with civilization, the intra-familial communicating form farther influences kids s engagement in the touristry decision-making. Children brought up in the environments furthering for democratic attack to information exchange are found to play more proactive function in the decision-making procedure ( Bakir et al. , 2006 ) . Possibly this arises from the attack to conflict declaration through dialogue instead than enforcement of one s point of position on the other household members ; therefore kids active engagement in consensus-reaching is appreciated. Marital position constitutes other variable believed to act upon kids s function in the decision-making procedure. Decisions made within single-parent families are believed to include kids to larger extent ( Darley and Lim, 1986 ) . This can be motivated by the guilt factor identified in the debut, farther reinforced by the fact that individual parents need to share the kid between themselves, accordingly passing even less clip together. Therefore, greater tweens engagement ensures that the vacations will do up for the lessened mundane contact. However, the surveies on kids s and tweens engagement in the touristry decision-making procedure suffer from several booby traps. The divergency of findings reported arises from the defects of the research methods used: most surveies apply qualitative studies to rear sample ( e.g. Wang et al. , 2004 ) ; thereof the information received is subjective and slightly distorted by projecting merely parents image of kids s engagement. Studies using kids as the sample group ( e.g. Cullingford, 1995 ) besides suffer from the limited statistical representativeness because of mostly trusting on qualitative enquiry methods. Furthermore, the surveies look intoing kids s engagement in the tourism-decision devising procedure have been conducted in the western ( e.g. Gram, 2006 ; Blichfeldt et al. , 2010 ) or westernised ( e.g. Wang et al. , 2004 ) cultures that propagate more indulgent attack to upbringing and parentage underscoring the demand to be receptive to child s part ( Bakir et al. , 2006 ) . Consequently, tweens features are based to the extent on their exposure to advertisement and mass media every bit good as consumerism, which are uncommon in developing states. Therefore, the findings sing tweens engagement might non be by and large applicable. The research into the function of kids in touristry decision-making requires consistent attack organised around statistically representative informations aggregating both the parents and kids s perceptual experiences. Furthermore, the informations should be gathered cross-culturally and appreciate a assortment of factors impacting kids s impact to gua rantee representativeness. In the concluding analysis it is justifiable to state that the alteration of perceptual experiences of the nature of the touristry decision-making procedure, and partners function in it have impacted the sentiment on the kids s engagement within the pattern. Lenient upbringing and guilt issues trigger parents to be more antiphonal to kids s vacation penchants. Tweens due to their consumer consciousness and exposure to heavy advertisement, but however staying under extended parental attention constitute a peculiarly interesting tourist consumer group. In the touristry decision-making pattern tweens are believed to exercise active influence in peculiar in the initial phases of the procedure. Interestingly, the overall grade of tweens influence on the procedure remains controversial and is said to be warranted by factors such as civilization and communicating forms. However, bing research suffers from methodological defects that make it hard to generalize the findings. The topic of tw eens function in touristry decision-making requires more indepth analysis. Bakir, A. , Rose, G. M, and Shoham, A. 2006. Family Communication Patterns: Mothers and Fathers Communication Style and Children s Perceived Influence in Family Decision Making. Journal of International Consumer Marketing. 19 ( 2 ) . pp. 75-95 Blichfeldt, B. S. 2008. What to make on Our Vacation? The Case of in Situ Decision-Making. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research. 19 ( 2 ) . pp. 287-305 Blichfeldt, B.S. , Pedersen, B. , Johansen, A. and Hansen L. 2010. Tween Tourists: Children and Decision-Making. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice. 2 ( 1 ) . pp. 1-24 Bronner, F. , A ; de Hoog, R. 2008. Agreement and Disagreement in Family Vacation Decision-making. Tourism Management. 29. Pp. 967-979. Cullingford, C. 1995. Children s attitudes to vacation overseas. Tourism Management. 16 ( 2 ) . Pp. 121-127. Darley, W. K. and Lim, J. 1986. Family Decision Making in Leisure-time Activities: An Exploratory Investigation of the Impact of Locus of Control, Child Age Influence Factor and Parental Type of Perceived Child Influence. Progresss in Consumer Research. 13. Pp. 370-374 Du Bois- Reymond, M. , et Al. 2001. Childhood in Europe. Capital of switzerland: Peter Lang in Gram, M. 2006. If We re Not Traveling to Italy, I m Not Coming . Children as Co-decision-makers in the Family? The Case of Family Holidays. European Advances in Consumer Research. 7. pp. 112-118 Fodness, D. 1992. The Impact of Family Life Cycle on the Vacation Decision-making Process. Journal of Travel Research. 31 ( 8 ) . pp. 8-13 Gram, M. 2006. If We re Not Traveling to Italy, I m Not Coming . Children as Co-decision-makers in the Family? The Case of Family Holidays. European Advances in Consumer Research. 7. pp. 112-118 Jenkins, R. L. 1978. Family Vacation Decision-Making. Journal of Travel Reserach. 16 ( 4 ) . pp. 2-7 Jenkins, R.L. 1979. Influence of Children in Family Decision-Making: Parents Percepts. Progresss in Consumer Research. 6. Pp. 413-418 McNeal, J. U. 1999. The Kids Market Myths and Realities. New York: Paramount Market Publishing in Blichfeldt, B.S. , Pedersen, B. , Johansen, A. and Hansen L. 2010. Tween Tourists: Children and Decision-Making. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice. 2 ( 1 ) . pp. 1-24 Nanda, D. , Hu, C. , A ; Bai, B. 2006. Researching Family Role in Purchasing Decisions During Vacation Planning: reappraisal and treatments for future research. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing. 20 ( 3/4 ) . Pp. 107-125. Nickerson, N. , A ; Jurowski, C. 2001. The influence of kids on holiday travel forms. Journal of Vacation Marketing. 7 ( 1 ) . Pp. 19-30. Swinyard, W. R. and Sim, Ch. P. 1987. Percept of Children s Influence on Family Decision Process. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 4 ( 1 ) . Pp. 25-38 Szybillo, G.J. and Sosanie, A. 1977. Family Decision Making: Husband, Wife and Children. Progresss in Consumer Research. 4. Pp. 46-49 Thornton, P. , Shaw, G. , A ; Williams, A. 1997. Tourist group holiday decision-making and behavior: the influence of kids. Tourism Management. 18 ( 5 ) . Pp. 287-297.

The Three Strikes Law Essay Example

The Three Strikes Law Essay Example The Three Strikes Law Paper The Three Strikes Law Paper For the following BAD Key Assignment Draft, I will be discussing my thoughts on the three strikes laws, requirements, and the Ewing v. California case as it pertains to the three strikes law. Next, a few thoughts on how the public feels about crimes, both violent and non-violent, mandatory sentencing, and the discretion that prosecutors have during the sentencing process, will be discussed in detail. Following will be my thoughts regarding the scenario for reelection and how it pertains to the legal system today, along with developing a policy describing alternatives, protections against load up charges, and using multiple counts for one incident. I will conclude with thoughts on how I might be able to convince and persuade the public into understanding cost effective alternatives for adjudication which might include using probation sentencing as opposed to incarceration practices along with any type of possible backlash problems. The three Strikes and Youre out Rule of 1994 There are many states that have adopted some variation of the three strikes law as a policy for adjudication reactivating criminals and while the law sounds seasonable and in the best interest of the public, there are many issues that have blanket policy can have its downfalls. This research paper will further investigate alternatives to incarceration, especially when the third strike is a non-violent crime. Further, it is important that the public be made aware of the costs, alternatives, and policies that should be put into place for alternative sentencing as well as examples of protections against harsh load up charges and plea bargain arrangements and prosecutorial privilege for more humane sentencing. I will conclude with describing a policy that I would develop and put into action regarding protections against such harsh rulings which would include alternative sentencing procedures, and reasons for using said procedures which will include financial savings, reductions in man hours and man power, and the overall reduced need for secured prison facilities, as well as transparency and accountability for implementing this policy. What most people dont know is that the Three Strikes Rule didnt begin in California, it actually was first passed in the state of Washington in 1993 and its rules ere even harsher that Californians were. Washington State adopted the measure and if an individual was convicted under the mandate, they were sentenced to life without the possibility of parole, whereas, Californians three strikes law sentences an individual to 25 years to life. That was a big difference. (La Course, 1997) Ewing v. California: A Brief History In March of 2000, Mr.. Gary Ewing was arrested for stealing three Galloway golf clubs from a golf shop in El Segundo, California worth a total of $1197. 00 which made it a felony. He was later tried and found guilty of grand theft by a Jury of his peers. This unfortunately for Mr.. Ewing, was his third strike and he was sentenced to 25 years to life, the stiffest punishment he could receive which was also a mandatory sentence under the California Three Strikes Law. Mr.. Ewing appealed all the way to the Supreme Court but due to his very busy criminal past, he lost. (Chiders Hobnobs, 2002) When a case is appealed, as in Mr.. Ewing case, other cases of like offenses and sentencing are looked at to see if any type of discrepancy or bias can be found. The cases e. G. Harelip v. Michigan, 501 U. S. 57 (1991), Soles v. Helm, 463 U. S. 277(1983), and Rumen v. Estelle, 445 U. S. 263 (1980), that were selected to be part of the review process for Mr.. Ewing case were similar but upon review, Mr.. Ewing was found to be much more violent in his overall scope, e. G. Felonies and prior offenses which included the use of weapons, and therefore, his here strikes sentence was upheld. (Ewing v. California, 2002) The Three Strikes and Youre Out Polic y 1 . For this assignment, I will be developing a policy regarding the three strikes laws in the State of California. . The policy as it stands today: Californians Three Strikes sentencing law was originally enacted in 1994. The essence of the Three Strikes law was to require a defendant convicted of any new felony, having suffered one prior conviction of a serious felony to be sentenced to state prison for twice the term otherwise provided for the crime. If the defendant was convicted of any felony with two or more prior strikes, the law mandated a state prison term of at least 25 years to life. On November 6, 2012 the voters approved Proposition 36 which substantially amended the law with two primary provisions: The requirements for sentencing a defendant as a third strike offender were changed to r more prior strikes to qualify for the 25 year-to-life sentence as a third strike offender; and the addition of a means by which designated defendants currently serving a third strike sentence may petition the court for reduction of their term to a second strike sentence, if they would have been eligible for second strike sentencing under the new law. The reasoning or purpose of the three-strikes law was to ensure longer prison sentences for repeat offenders through the use of mandatory minimum sentences for recidivists with prior felony convictions. This law came about through he highly publicized Poly Class case where a 12 year old girl was blatantly taken from her home right in front of her friends that were at her home for a sleepover. The public outcry was so strong that California designed, pushed through the legal system and signed into law, the Three Strikes and Youre Out law that sent a clear and precise message to any one that committed violent crimes. However, other, less violent offenders, were caught in the net as well. 2. What alternatives would be placed in the law to give the state prosecutor more freedom to manipulate the third strike? A. Possible alternatives The District Attorneys discretionary authority to disqualify a third strike (Strike a Strike) if it isnt violent Based upon review of the offenders past. The 25 year to life sentencing procedure would be based on the final or current strike (Currently in force) Mandatory use of the proportionality rule during sentencing Offenders currently serving a life sentence for the three strikes law will have the opportunity to have their sentenced reviewed 3. Many prosecutors load up charges against defendants to force a plea bargain. What can be done to limit or prevent this practice? . How does this happen? A Prosecutor Loads-Up charges against an individual(s) by taking one incident and creating multiple charges from the same incident. A example would be: a suspect drives a vehicle intoxicated and crashes into another vehicle, killing the driver. When he/she is arrested and taken into custody, the prosecutor walks into the room and says,Mr.. Jones, You have a problem. The vehicle you hit was totaled and we have Just learned that the driver was DOD at the hospital. You have priors for Duds are you were currently driving on a suspended license. To make matter worse, your blood alcohol level was twice the legal limit and when we tested you, we found traces of meet. What do you want to do? We can go to trial where in all likelihood your will be found guilty of first degree manslaughter, driving on a suspended license, and driving under the influence of alcohol and meet. However, because you have 2 prior felonies for illegal distribution and armed robbery of a liquor store 8 years ago, California has a mandatory three strikes rule for 25 to life and you are looking straight at it. What I propose is a plea bargain and I would strongly suggest that you take it. b. What can be done to prevent this possibility? Legislation has recently pot into law, regulations to help with this situation but because prosecutors have a certain amount of discretion when i t comes to pressing charges it is still difficult not to fall under the prosecutorial hammer. My proposal would be to use the new rule or requirement for assessing the third strike for the purpose of administering the three strikes law and take all or part of the protections of the 11 Amendment immunity clause away NAS well as make attorneys (and Judges) certain amount of immunity when dealing with suspects but I dont feel that the idea hat police can lie and prosecutors can trump up charges Just to scare people into plea bargaining, was what the founding fathers had in mind when they created our judicial system. I feel that every person, regardless of age, race, color, or educational background, should have the benefits of the protections of the law and that the law should respect the individual and not play dirty threatening pool. Making prosecutors liable for their actions farther than evidence gathering (poison tree, etc. ), well as making it the law that an individual can only be charged with the most errors crime committed at one time, will put the brakes on the load-up practices that are so fully used today. Plea bargains have been more cost effective regarding the court because they have lowered or even do away with costly court procedures but they have also cause a rise in prison costs because most pleas end with time needing to be served, whether the individuals are placed in facilities at night but allowed to work during the day or placed in facilities for a certain length of time. Load up practices do get prosecutorial results but scaring people into admission isnt the way. (Warren, 2014) 4. Will your policy allow multiple counts arising from the same incident to count as multiple strikes? The answer is no. I believe that crime, much like anything else, has a certain degree of the domino effect. People make mistakes, sometimes big mistakes but the law should have a certain degree of mercy even when the offender doesnt. The Judicial system, up until recently, was thought to be a system of reformation and rehabilitation. However, recent events and media coverage have led the public to want to go into a feeding frenzy in regards to criminal activity. Poly Class, which seems to be the case that sparked the public into emending Justice, and rightly so but treating every citizen with such a possibility of three strikes, regardless of what they are, in m y opinion is wrong, piling on every indiscretion possible with the full intention of dripping most of the charges, is also wrong. A. How my new policy will define multiple counts My policy will define multiple counts on an individual and discretionary basis. Prosecutors will have to decide what the most important or serious offense the person has committed at this particular incidence and go further with that. Also, I feel that certain issues should and will be groups together. For instance, duds are no longer considered a third strict action and the prosecutor is able to strike the strike in this instance, however, if the issue of driving under the influence is the reason or a factor in a car accident that resulted in the wrongful death of someone, then it will be grouped into the charge but will not be litigated as an individual issue. Therefore the person will not faces 1 count of reckless driving, 1 count of DUD, 1 count of man slaughter, etc. Here each factor carries a certain amount of prison time that can be stacked and mandated to be served in a consecutive amount of time. The sentence will consider all of the factors and render one Judgment. 5. If one of the alternatives was supervised probation, how would you convince the public that it would be more cost-effective for the person to be supervised than incarcerated? There are all kinds of studies online and at every county, state, and government website that show statistics for cost evaluations. I will gather my information for not only cost effectiveness (because the public doesnt really care about the cost of keeping their appropriateness (this would be statistics and studies that clearly show how areas of once have been eliminated) For instance, a 65 year old man is not going to be a candidate for Jumping over fences and running down allies to the degree that a 20 year old man might. (Raillery, 2014) Further, The individual and their background will have more to say about the individual than anything else. A true example would be: Ms. Lorena Wells, a forty four year old woman that was caught embezzling funds from the health and welfare department in South Hill, Va. Where she had worked for several years. Knuckleball County Prosecutors charged her with 27 felony counts angina from fraud to unauthorized use of food stamps, and sentenced her to 1 year work release. She is not a threat to society in any way. She was born and raised in South Hill and everyone knows her. She has two daughters and until her arrest, was married to a long time employed sheriff in the county. The fact that she was born and raised here, she has no prior issues, and that she was married to a law enforcer officer for about 17 years will all play a part in the publics acceptance for having her interact in the community while serving her sentence. (South Hill Enterprise, 2013) 6. Show the public where you would be saving money by not incarcerating the perpetrator. For this particular individual, it would be relatively easy to show the public that not incarcerating Ms. Webb would be the best avenue. During court, she was mandated to get a Job, work 40 hours a week and use the funding she received to pay court costs, paying what she stole back, as well as some of her other expenses. I would also be able to bring evidence of how much the cost of $169. 45 per day, double bunking and over-crowding, and 535 million dollar price tag should be considered over-kill for a weekender inmate. Www. Dc]s. Virginia. Gob, 2010) Although there were 27 felony counts, they were for the same time and the same issue (My policy would have bundled her felonies and made it one felony with 27 counts not 27 separate felonies each with one count. Unfortunately, and maybe to my discredit because I am going to be starting law school next year, I have to say that the reason I know so much about this case is because, although I have never met her personally, she happens to be my sister-in law. 7. If brought up in the legislature to be an amendment to the law, could this be grandfathered in to help older inmates? Yes, in fact, it has already become part of a three strikes Amendment. Proposition 36 does just that. Proposition 36: Revised the three strikes law to impose life sentence only when the new felony conviction is serious or violent. Authorized re-sentencing for offenders currently serving life sentences if their third strike conviction was not serious or violent and if the Judge determines that the re-sentence does not pose unreasonable risk to public safety. Continued to impose a life sentence penalty if the third strike conviction was for certain non-serious, non-violent sex or drug offenses r involved firearm possession. Maintained the life sentence penalty for felons with non-serious, non-violent third strike if prior convictions were for rape, murder, or child molestation. (provisional. Com, 2013) 8. Could this have a backlash from the public, or would they approve? The public, as a body, can be unpredictable which can make whatever we do, a guessing game but there are some definite areas that we can be pretty accurate at predicting. If we are considering changing Californians three strike mandates, we will run into issues. Prop. 66 didnt pass and there have live this is a problem because California has a very large number of senior citizens. Not only do they live and think by older country standards of stricter punishments Do the Crime, Do the Time standards, they also feel more vulnerable. Also, a good portion of voters are this same age group. Therefore, I do feel that amending life sentences could have some public back lash because the elderly keep up with the news, they usually have a social network, and they have been around or a very long sometime and will remember when someone went to prison for life ass well as for what purpose. For instance, Charles Manson is in a California high security prison ad will be there forever, if he even had the possibility for his sentence to be reduced, there would be great public outcry. Then there are the Mendoza brothers that killed their parents to get at their money. Also, California is widely known for its gang activity, the faces might not be so well recognized but the title go gang-banger is and always puts fear in people. However, If the public were assured that hardened, 3, 4, 5, or more strike felons would not have the possibility of benefiting from the new law, the people might be more accepting. California is a different kind of state. I was raised in San Diego and lived there for most of my adult life as well and the philosophy there is pretty much, dont bother me and I wont bother you. But when people do hurt others, it is very much frowned on and if the offender happens to be Hispanic, it is almost a death sentence as far as the public is concerned. On the other hand, if the same three strike law was changed in a different place like Idaho, where the public is predominantly members of the Mormon church (which happens to be my faith and where I moved when I left California) and are taught to origin on a grand scale, the new proposal might be embraced a little easier, especially when it was explained that hardened criminals were not candidates, only persons that had been convicted of non violent crimes. It really does matter where we are taking about. What evidence can help the public with their concerns and ultimate acceptance of changes in the three strikes law? I feel the evidence that we would be relying on would be more so on an individual basis. The three strikes law has been around since 1994, but we dont have a lot of evidence or research to show that convicted felons, when given a second chance, do lot of changing. In fact, we have found that a large portion of violent felons spend their lives serving sentences, getting out, refunding, and going back into the system. One man that I know, whose name is Willie, is a 45 year old black male that grew up in the projects in L. A. He has spent all of his adult life except for about 3 years, in prison. He told me that on one occasion, he spent 7 years in prison only to be released, re-arrested, and replaced back into the system in less than 24 hours. 9. Once you are finished with the policy, draft an executive summary of the policy to be used for political decision making. . An Amendment to the current Three Strikes Law The Three Strikes and Youre Out Law Policy by: Sheila Andrews The Three Strikes and Youre Out Policy would include: 1. Three felonies for rendering a 25 year to life sentence. 2. All Felonies would have to be violent in nature. Strike a Strike) Based upon review of the offenders past. 4. The 25 year to life force) 5. Mandatory use of the proportionality rule during sentencing 6. Authorized re-sentencing for offenders currently serving life sentences if their third strike conviction was not serious or violent and if the Judge determines that the re- entente does not pose unreasonable risk to public safety. 7. Continued to impose a life sentence penalty if the third strike conviction was for certain non-serious, non- violent sex or drug offenses or involved firearm possession. 8. Maintained the life sentence penalty for felons with non-serious, non-violent third strike if prior convictions were for rape, statutory spousal rape, murder, child molestation, controlled substance crimes involving large quantities of drugs, and people trafficking, a crime in which the defendant used a firearm, was armed with a firearm r deadly weapon, or intended to cause great bodily injury to a person, or at least one of the prior serious or violent felonies was for a sexually violent offense which would include serious sex offenses committed by force, duress, violence, menace, fear, or threat of retaliation, assault with a machine gun on a police officer or firefighter, or possession of a weapon of mass destruction.

Economic Enviornment Of Fdi In Uae Economics Essay Essay Example

Economic Enviornment Of Fdi In Uae Economics Essay Essay Example Economic Enviornment Of Fdi In Uae Economics Essay Essay Economic Enviornment Of Fdi In Uae Economics Essay Essay Mr Ali feels that they would be small affected by the Torahs and hopes that the growing of company continues. 5.0 Decision The environment for FDI in UAE is positive and has been pulling financess in the state from all over the universe. FDI has been a major cause of the GDP growing and creative activity of its image as a globalized economic system. The state gives entree to states to the trading universe therefore broadening their client base economically due to absence of trade barriers in the state. Creation of free trade zones is the major attractive force to corporate investors and multinationals from all over the universe. Most FDI have taken signifier of forward perpendicular or horizontal integrating. However, over a period of clip, although the policies have been modified to liberalise the trading environment and attractive force of FDI, the authorities has failed to take notice of the increasing costs of operations bared by the companies. Therefore, endurance of little sized concerns in the state can be put to inquiry in the hereafter. Nevertheless, in general the economic environment of the st ate seems to be in favor of investors and the potency of UAE as FDI drawing card is strong and that the state will go on to harvest benefits from FDI s in signifier of increased employment, competition, and high profile life styles enjoyed by its occupants.

Health Hazards in Construction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Health Hazards in Construction - Research Paper Example Outdoor workers face a myriad of hazards depending on the type of occupations, season, geographic location and the duration of exposure. A hazard refers to a potential for harm as documented by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA (2012). Practically, it would be an activity or condition which, if left uncontrolled could cause illness or injury. Therefore, identifying such hazards and controlling, even eliminating them in good time would be beneficial in preventing illnesses, injuries, and even deaths. To do so, a technique that focuses on the tasks related to a job so as to identify and potential hazards before their occurrence, referred by Weeks (2011) as job hazard analysis, would be undertaken. This technique evaluates the relationship between the work environment and the worker, tasks, and tools employed. Ideally, the identification of uncontrolled hazards triggers the adoption of strategies that would reduce them to acceptable risks levels or completely elimi nate them. Construction is one of the outdoor industry sectors where job hazard analysis serves a significant role. Felperin (2013) categorizes the construction industry as either governmental or private involved with the erection of buildings for commercial or habitation purposes and public works that include roads, tunnels, bridges, airports, and dams among others. Thus, the construction job entails building, repairing, maintaining, modifying, renovating or demolishing of such facilities. In industrialized countries, construction workers constitute between 5% and 10% of the total workforce and globally, 90% of these workers are male. A majority of these are unskilled laborers.

Health care sector Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health care sector - Research Paper Example Health care is provided by practitioners in medicine, chiropractic, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, allied health, and other care providers. It denotes the activity done in rendering primary care, secondary care and tertiary care, besides public health (Premier Occupational Health Care, 2009). The availability of services to doctors differs from country to country, groups and individuals, greatly affected by cultural and financial conditions as well as the health policies in that region. States and dominions have diverse policies and programs with respect to the health care targets of their societies in terms of population growth. In any country, the system of healthcare is established in order to fulfill the health needs and requirements of the target population and thus, the exact configuration of this system varies from one country to another (Kaplan & Esther, 2003). Every organization possesses its own professional and occupational differences which are based on the culture of the country, organization, or on the nature of the job description. In the health care department also, there exist certain factors which are responsible for creating the occupational disparities within the jobs. Some of those factors are discussed below: One of the factors of great importance, which usually creates occupational differences these days, includes gender. Many countries, and their business organizations, tend to differentiate between male and female worker in term of the jobs assigned to them. Besides this, the element of job segregation is also one of the major contributors on the differences between genders which have been observed in the exposure to hazards at workplace. Both the genders have a strong separation at the place of work and they are also exhibited to be holding dissimilar positions in the hierarchal ladder of the organization. Not only this, but both the genders are subject to pay differences

Potter House Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Potter House - Case Study Example the right to enjoy the benefits of the property, to live and to use the property. B also has the right to share in the proceeds if the property is sold. The ownership of the property is divided into 2 components; legal title and beneficial ownership. The legal title can be ascertained by reference to the land register (assuming that the title registration has been effected) and those persons who hold the legal title are the trustees of the land. In this case, A, C and D are the trustees of the Potter House. The trustees are given wide powers i.e. to sell, to lease, or to mortgage the land. Under the law, the trustees are not allowed to benefit from the exercise of their powers in their capacity as trustees. The benefits of the home must be deflected to the beneficiaries. These rules apply even if the trustees and the beneficiaries are the same people. The House of Lords has accepted that a trust should be implied in all cases of co-ownership - Williams & Glyn's Bank v Boland [1981] AC 487, 503, per Lord Wilberforce. Under the English law, since 1925, joint tenancy has been the only form of co-ownership. Whereas there are two types of ownership for the beneficial ownership of the property i.e. 'beneficial joint tenants' or 'tenants in common'. From the facts of the case, it is clear that A, B, C and D has indicated to hold the property as beneficial joint tenants. In this case, each owner jointly own the entire property and technically the property is held by the owner in trust for himself. The owners do not have separate shares of the property each (unlike the case of property held under the title of tenants in common) and neither of the owners have a separate share in the property which they can sell or leave in a will. The consequence of having such a title to a property is that upon death of one party his interest passes automatically to the surviving owner and this means that the property cannot be transferred to another person by the deceased owner through a will or on intestacy, as it doe s not form part of the deceased's estate. When B, in 2000, aged 27, moved out from the house to a new job in Kent, he demanded from C and D immediate payment for his share in the Potter House. B later died and left all his property by will to his mother, X. As explained above, B owns the house jointly with A, C and D and each of them has no separate share to the Potter House. It is not possible for joint tenants to sever their legal ownership in the estate and convert them into tenancy in common. Severance of joint tenancy into tenancy in common can only be done with respect to the beneficial ownership. A person whose interest is severed will have his share quantified in accordance to the numbers of the joint tenants immediately prior to the severance taking place. In this case, A, B, C and D each has 25% of the interest in the Potter Hous

International Business Strategies in Action Assignment

International Business Strategies in Action - Assignment Example The saturation of the traditional markets and the growing opportunities in the emerging markets like India and China has prompted the firm to take up this strategic decision. The company plans to use its existing low cost no frills model as a part of a low cost strategy to capture the target market. RyanAir is a UK based airline firm established in the year 1985 and has grown presently to a mammoth organization having a fleet strength of 272 aircrafts (RyanAir, 2011). RyanAir mainly operates flights to various destinations around Europe and is one of the most successful brands in Europe. The company aims to replicate its low cost model in India to gain strategic advantage. External Environment Analysis PESTEL PESTEL is a tool that is used to analyze the external environment of a business organization. The tool analyses the political, economic, sociological, technological, environmental and legal aspects of a particular market (Kay, 2010, p.23). Political Political factors affecting R yanAir’s business interests include the extent of market deregulation, taxes as well as permits of operation. The Indian government is a democratically elected and stable government that largely advocates business houses to set up base in India. The Directorate General of Civil Aviations controls the airline industry in the nation. The government has advocated a deregulation policy that has allowed a healthy competition in the nation in the industry segment (Mazumdar, 2008, p.104). The elections are held every five years that gives considerable stability to the government. The administration of the government is divided into executive, legislature and judiciary departments (CIA, 2011). Economic Economic factors that affect the business prospects of an airline company include the economic growth rate and other macro economic data that affect the levels of disposable income of individuals within a nation. India has an impressive GDP growth rate of 10.4 percent as of 2010. The G DP in terms of purchasing power parity stands at 4.06 trillion US dollars that provides a good impetus for RyanAir to expand into India. The GDP in terms of per capita income is about 10.4 percent (CIA, 2011). Figure 1: Sector Wide GDP contribution (Source: CIA, 2011) The oil prices also have a significant effect on the business prospects of the airline companies. Oil prices have recorded widespread fluctuations over the past years and continue to rise at very high levels. The figure below shows the historic as well as projected oil prices. Figure 2: Oil Price Movements (Source: Ringbeck, Gautam & Pietsch, 2009, p.40) The Indian aviation industry also represents good demand growth in terms of future demand as the Asia Pacific region represents wide scope and options for aviation companies. Figure 3: Demand Projections (Source: CII & PriceWaterHouse Coopers, 2010, p.13) Sociological Sociological aspects include demographical aspects and consumer behavior of the target market. India i s the second largest populated nation of the world that helps

Marketing Communications Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Marketing Communications Plan - Essay Example According to Sheth & Kellstadt (1992), a normative model of service quality improvement is built on the concept of continuous improvement. The company that I have been working in has been using this kind of approach to address its issues of quality improvement. This is because the key objective of the company is to achieve sustained improvements in its services delivery. Therefore, throughout my career, I have had an opportunity to experience a situation in which this model was applied. Moreover, I have been able to experience some of the benefits of this kind of a model when used to improve service quality as well as some of its shortfalls. This benefits and shorts could form a very good basis for my evaluation in this paper.  Normative model of service improvement is divided into stages. The stages include management commitment, employee commitment and participation, employee education and training, communication, assessment and modification, outcomes and targets, and integration (Hernon & Whitman, 2001). These stages are interconnected in an intertwined manner. This means that a stage does not necessarily resAfter intensive market analysis, it has been found that following locations are the most lucrative prospect for Premier Inn:†¢ Manchester (Piccadilly)†¢ Birmingham (City Centre-New Street)†¢ Edinburg (Central)†¢ London (Kensington)These four locations are among the top tourist spots in the country currently and generate significant revenue from tourism activities.

International Business Strategies in Action Assignment

International Business Strategies in Action - Assignment Example The saturation of the traditional markets and the growing opportunities in the emerging markets like India and China has prompted the firm to take up this strategic decision. The company plans to use its existing low cost no frills model as a part of a low cost strategy to capture the target market. RyanAir is a UK based airline firm established in the year 1985 and has grown presently to a mammoth organization having a fleet strength of 272 aircrafts (RyanAir, 2011). RyanAir mainly operates flights to various destinations around Europe and is one of the most successful brands in Europe. The company aims to replicate its low cost model in India to gain strategic advantage. External Environment Analysis PESTEL PESTEL is a tool that is used to analyze the external environment of a business organization. The tool analyses the political, economic, sociological, technological, environmental and legal aspects of a particular market (Kay, 2010, p.23). Political Political factors affecting R yanAir’s business interests include the extent of market deregulation, taxes as well as permits of operation. The Indian government is a democratically elected and stable government that largely advocates business houses to set up base in India. The Directorate General of Civil Aviations controls the airline industry in the nation. The government has advocated a deregulation policy that has allowed a healthy competition in the nation in the industry segment (Mazumdar, 2008, p.104). The elections are held every five years that gives considerable stability to the government. The administration of the government is divided into executive, legislature and judiciary departments (CIA, 2011). Economic Economic factors that affect the business prospects of an airline company include the economic growth rate and other macro economic data that affect the levels of disposable income of individuals within a nation. India has an impressive GDP growth rate of 10.4 percent as of 2010. The G DP in terms of purchasing power parity stands at 4.06 trillion US dollars that provides a good impetus for RyanAir to expand into India. The GDP in terms of per capita income is about 10.4 percent (CIA, 2011). Figure 1: Sector Wide GDP contribution (Source: CIA, 2011) The oil prices also have a significant effect on the business prospects of the airline companies. Oil prices have recorded widespread fluctuations over the past years and continue to rise at very high levels. The figure below shows the historic as well as projected oil prices. Figure 2: Oil Price Movements (Source: Ringbeck, Gautam & Pietsch, 2009, p.40) The Indian aviation industry also represents good demand growth in terms of future demand as the Asia Pacific region represents wide scope and options for aviation companies. Figure 3: Demand Projections (Source: CII & PriceWaterHouse Coopers, 2010, p.13) Sociological Sociological aspects include demographical aspects and consumer behavior of the target market. India i s the second largest populated nation of the world that helps

Idaho Regulation Changes in Long-term Health Care Research Paper

Idaho Regulation Changes in Long-term Health Care - Research Paper Example The former president Ronald Reagan set up structures for long-term care services. This was intended to make improvements for the ultimate benefit of citizens. Regulations such as OBRA 78 provides legal requirements for the health care system to follow throughout the state as it intends that all people within the region can be able to access the healthcare services in ease. It is quite unfortunate that the regulations may fail to meet the citizen’s interest thus requiring some changes. Introduction Federal Nursing Home Reform Act Federal Nursing Home Reform Act from the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA 87) Developed by Hollis Turnham. President Ronald Reagan ascended into law the primary amendment of the federal principles for nursing home care since the 1965 establishment of both Medicaid and Medicare. The landmark legislation changed tremendously the society's legal prospects of nursing homes and their healthcare. Long-term care amenities requires Medicare or M edicaid funding are to provide services so that each resident can "attain and maintain her highest practicable physical, mental, and psychosocial well-being. The federal nursing home Reform Act creates a set of national least amount set of principles of care and rights for people living in certified nursing facilities. The split Federal Nursing Home Reform Act and several different bills was "rolled into" one bill to assure final course of all the elements. The least federal health and care requirements for nursing homes should be administered through various of established procedures within the nursing homes and the regulatory bureau. This is a major drawback in the provision of the nursing facilities. For it to be effective, the bills should clearly define to ensure that the bills and funds are adequate for the services. The federal Nursing Reform provides a set of standards for the nursing department to observe in providing health services in the entire Idaho region. It also give s the rights for all people who live with certified facilities in nursing. It is from this perspective that sets the landmark for the common features of OBRA that came in through legislative procedures. Since then, the congress normally completes a large measure of budgetary issues in one large bill. The bill provides that the function in the year 1987 came to give entity to Omnibus Reconciliation OBRA recognizes the unique and important duty that the LTCOP perform for all the home nursing citizens. The Federal Medicaid and their legislation include real source of the material, which is the National Term Care Ombudsman Resource Centre. Distinct duties of advocacy and subsequent controls together with some of the guidance provided by the LTCOPs are additional equipments to provide citizens interests at a required level (American Medical Association 15). The differences, which OBRA introduced in the home nursing care, are great. Some of them provide specific requirements to the citize ns. For example, emphasis on quality of life for residents and clear quality, new expectations that can teach residents capabilities to bathe walk and perform other responsibilities daily. More so, residential assessment procedure that leads to development of personalized plan for caring in 75 hours for testing and training paraprofessional staff (Flower 32). It also outlines the rights in the home nursing and lack of dangerous behaviors for residents in the Idaho region significantly shifting medical situations. OBRA provides a motion of forces that enabled changes in the ways in which state inspectors make their approaches to all home nursing. They never spend their precious time, to

Elementary education 1833-1870 Essay Example for Free

Elementary education 1833-1870 Essay What was the role of the government in developing Elementary Education 1833-1870? 1. Why did the government play little role in education before the nineteenth century? Government played little role in education prior to the nineteenth century because of many reasons, one of them being Laissez faire. Laissez faire was the philosophy of the government that it was not their role to get involved in the lives of the people. Edward Baines wrote about the state of education in 1846 and said it is not the duty of the government to feed the peoplethese are things that the people can and ought to do themselves some thought this was the way God wanted things to be. Other felt that the fittest and richest could survive; the idea did nothing for the poor. One of the only things government was willing to get involved in was defending the country. Money was another motive why the government played little role. The government didnt want to spend money on educating the poor, they would much rather spend their money on the royal stables and the military. On Samuel Whitbreads Bill this topic was discussed It would burden the country with a most enormous expense. Not only did they not want to put money towards education but also it was going to be a very expensive project, which they thought could be done without. Samuel Whitbread argued that more education was needed and that raises money was the way forward when he stood up to the government, but the House of Lords rejected his Bill. The Class system was another thing that was preventing the government from contributing money towards education. Everyone knew his or her place in society so for the poor to read write and be educated would make them more intelligent and mess up the The Great Chain of Being; this was another name for the social structure at the time. The chain of being was written about once by a Bishop in 1720 and he said God so orders it that we always have some Poor among us from this the The great chain of being had come about. The Government simply didnt see the need for change. There were already Sunday Schools and Dame Schools available for the poor, which were supplied by the church and individuals As far as education was concerned, the government was content reading this its seems as if the government couldnt be bothered to improve if there was nothing wrong with how things were currently going. This reminds me of the old saying why fix it, if its not broken. Revolutionary ideas were also something that was considered to be a threat if the poor were to be educated. If they were taught to read then they would be able to understand and read Anti-Christian books and stories about revolutions in other countries such as France. This was also discussed in the Debate on Samuel Whitbreads Bill, It would enable them to read vicious books, and publications against Christianity religion was very strong at this time and to disrupt it could have lead to social unrest. Revolting against how they feel they stand in society would make them insolent to their superiors this was also talked about on Samuel Whitbreads Bill. Parents of poor children didnt want their children to go to school and learn, because they wanted them to work and earn money. This was the traditional way of life for the poor people and most of them were keen to stick with it. They worked on farms and in mines. However if the parents were to look at the advantages of educating their children they would see that with an education they could get better jobs and earn more money. Even though it would have taken time it still would have been the more intelligent choice, but as they were not educated themselves they never thought of it that way. 2. Why did the government become involved in developing elementary education for all during the nineteenth century? Government eventually had to become involved in developing elementary education. The increasing population meant that schools could not cope with the large amounts of pupils, so more schools were built to accommodate the demands of numbers. The large numbers of pupils also meant that more teachers were needed and to employ more teachers money was needed, so without the help and money from the government education would have gone nowhere. Not only would they have needed more teachers but also they would need bigger schools to have room for the large increase of pupils. The poor people could no longer look after themselves, so the government had to step in. They may have been struggling because the higher classes were sending their children to school so they would have had a tremendous advantage over the poor and uneducated children when they both contest for work, as they got older. A link the raising population had with the changes outside education is firstly the 1832 Great Reform Act. For the first time the large new industrial towns were able to elect MPs, most of these MPs were keen on cleaning up the towns. In the end the combined effects of the Reform Act and the cholera epidemic of 1832 made the living conditions in all towns a major political issue. An education was needed for people to be able to operate the machines. Due to these demands the scope of education was widened to include the children of more ordinary men and women. Better-educated clerks and crafts people were needed to produce better goods to increase the countries economy with trade. Better-educated workers were wanted; the future of workers education took a big step forward with the Factory Act of 1833. This Act laid down that every factory child should receive two hours schooling a day. Other countries were educating their youth and were therefore were ahead of Britain in that department, so to avoid embarrassment and keep up to date the government decided it was time to teach the younger generation. This was a very important time for the country because they realised that the children are the future and educating them would be so much better for the government. This would be because to have more educated workers in the future would mean people doing and understanding their jobs better. If countries got ahead of Britain then they would have more knowledge, to stop this the government introduced an education Bill, this was read from it If we leave our workfolk unskilled, they will become over-matched in the competition of the world by W. E Forster. More money was coming in from the countrys trade and empire. This meant that more money could and was put forward towards education for the poor. Most of the money from the trade came from the industrial revolution. This was mainly thanks to the trade that merchants did with Australia and other countries. Another thing that played a key part in the great income was the Railway industry. This was very quickly becoming a national system and brought in great loads of money. A link with more money coming in from education was that more money could be spent on defence. This was very helpful because if Britain were to go to war we would have hopefully have been well off. Poor people were given the chance to vote, but they needed some knowledge of who to vote for and why. If they knew what things they wanted from the government, then they could have a rough idea of who shares the same thoughts and ambition as them for the running of the country. They needed to know who to vote for because if that person won he would run the country, so they are voting for a very important matter. In the reform Act of 1867 most working class men were giving the chance to vote. This was very important link outside education because with educated voters the country has a better chance of a good and well presented Prime Minister.

Ethical Justification: Involving Human Volunteers in Trials

Ethical Justification: Involving Human Volunteers in Trials Ethical Justification of Involving Human Volunteers in Phase 1 Trials Zoheb Rafique INTRODUCTION Tremendous development in recent medical science and the consequent discoveries resulting in successful prevention and also cure of different diseases are shared by clinical research involving the human volunteers. Preceding the trials in the human subjects, and to ensure safety, the proposed drug and other interventions are either tested in animals (vivo) or in laboratory (vitro) to evaluate initial safe starting dose for the human beings and to key out the benchmarks for the clinical monitoring for the potential unfavorable effects. These pre human trials might not necessarily protect against the untoward effects in the human beings as happened in the case of thalidomide tragedy, which caused disability and killed thousands of babies born to the mothers, those who took this medicine. Use of healthy human volunteers in the preliminary experiments or phase I clinical trials either reduces or excludes risks of subsequent undesirable effects in the future trails (1). Phase-1 trials are conducted in order to test the safety, reactions and immunogenicity of vaccines in volunteers. Novel treatments for the cancer are first tested in phase 1 trials enrolling the patients with advanced disease, who have exhausted the standard treatment options. Phase-1 oncology trials are the pivot point in the translation of new cancer therapies from bench to bedside. Nevertheless, these trials remain ethically controversial. The controversy stems from the fact that, classically, phase-1 oncology clinical trials involve first-in-human testing of experimental treatment candidates in patients with a terminal diagnosis, who typically have exhausted standard treatment options. Commentators on the ethics of phase-1 clinical trials make diametrically opposed claims about the prospect of direct medical benefit from participation in these trials-benefits that can be attributed to receiving the experimental treatment intervention. One camp of benefit skeptics, inhabited mainly by bioethicists , characterizes this form of research as lacking any reasonable prospect of direct medical benefit. They see an ethical cloud hovering over phase-1 trials, because the vast majority of patients volunteer for phase-1 trials out of a motivation to receive medical benefit. In the view of these skeptics, such patients therefore harbor a ‘therapeutic misconception’ about research participation. This misconception calls into question the validity of informed consent and thereby undercuts the ethical basis of these trials (2). In this paper, I will discuss the ethical justification of the participation of human volunteers in phase-1 trials. DISCUSSION It is now widely accepted that medical research designed for the benefit of populations in developed countries should not be conducted with subjects recruited from populations in economically underdeveloped countries. Indeed, it is ethically objectionable to recruit from populations in resource-poor settings, even in developed countries, unless those populations are particularly susceptible to the condition the research is designed to relieve. In one study, there was proposal to conduct a phase-1 vaccine study recruiting subjects from the United States when the purpose is to assist the population of Mali, in Sub-Saharan Africa, to overcome the pervasive local consequences of Malaria. The ethical principle of justice, which requires a fair allocation of the risks and benefits of medical research, provides that the risk of research should not be planned to affect subjects from one population when benefits of the research are primarily directed to another population. It may accordingly appear, at first assessment, that the Malian government’s requirement that all phase-1 testing of the antimalarial vaccine be conducted in the United States is as unethical as it would be for the United States government to require that all phase-1 testing of a vaccine or other product intended primarily to benefit the population of the United States be conducted in Mali. Yet codes of ethical conduct are less consistent on this point than commentators usually require being. The World Medical Association’s much-cited Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for Medical Research Involving Human subjects provides that â€Å"Medical research is only justified if there is a reasonable likelihood that the population in which the research is carried out stand to benefit from the results of the research.† By this criterion, conduct of the phase-1 study in the United States appears unethical. In the context of HIV/AIDS, however, the WHO’S Global program on AIDS (1989) provided that, â€Å"in general, initial phase-1 trials should be conducted in the country of origin of the vaccine†. By this criterion, phase-1 testing in the United States is appropriate, if a vaccine would originate and initially be governmentally approved in the United States. The situation would be otherwise, of course, if the NIH was funding the study for production of the vaccine in Mali. The ethical remains of where the initial phase-1 vaccine trials can be conducted most equitably, with least risk of exploitation and most protection of the interests of study subjects (3). Most clinical research trials today require the informed consent. Concern however is raised that subjects of phase 1 trial studies might not provide valid consent. In particular, few commentators worry that subjects of phase 1 oncology trials have an exaggerated idea of any chance of the therapeutic benefit. The Empirical studies tells that phase 1 trial participants are highly optimistic an d hopeful about their chance of personal benefit and also are motivated by hope for the clinical improvement. Altruism, on other hand is much less often identified as driving the decision to enroll, when quoted as motivating factor; and it typically is not the prime reason for the participation. In one research study, sixty one (61 %) of phase 1 oncology participants were doubtful about altruism would motivate the advanced cancer patients to enroll in the non beneficial research and several phase 1 volunteers in another study showed â€Å"Surprise† at idea of research participation based exclusively on altruism. Some studies find, however that the individuals in some other types of research trials often participate in the hope of helping others. As an example, schaeffer and colleagues describe that â€Å"hope others benefit† is one of the two most common motivational factors for the healthy volunteers (4). The research participants should be fully informed about the di fference between research and therapy and also risk-benefit ratio. The researcher should offer patients substitutes other than participation in the trials and also vulnerable population should not be included in the trials at any cost and especially in the phase-1 trials. CIOMS guideline 7 talks about inducement of participation in research. According to the guideline the research subjects can be reimbursed for their needs such as transport and other expenses, and also lost earnings, that is associated with participation in the research. Those persons who receive no any direct benefit from research may also get a small amount of money for their inconvenience due to the participation in research. All volunteers may get the medical services unrelated to research and could have tests and procedures performed free of cost. Payments in terms of money or in kind to the research subjects may not be so huge as to carry them to take unwarranted risks or volunteer against the better judgment. Incompetent persons are vulnerable to the exploitation for financial gain by the guardians. A subject who withdraws himself/herself from the research for various reasons related to research study, such as unacceptable side-effects of a study drug, or who is withdrawn on health grounds, should be paid or recompensed as if full participation had taken place. For all biomedical research involving human subjects, the investigator must ensure that potential benefits and risks are reasonably balanced and risks are minimized. The Declaration of Helsinki deals with the wellbeing of research subjects and the avoidance of risk. Thus, considerations related to the well-being of the human subject should take precedence over the interests of science and society, clinical testing must be preceded by adequate laboratory or animal experimentation to demonstrate a reasonable probability of success without undue risk, every project should be preceded by careful judgment of predictable burden and ris ks in comparison with the foreseeable benefits to research subjects or to others; physician-researchers must be confident that the risks involved have been adequately assessed and can be satisfactorily managed; and the risks and burdens to the subject must be minimized, and reasonable in relation to the importance of the objective or the knowledge to be gained (5). CONCLUSION The first basic principle of the Declaration of Helsinki requires biomedical research involving human subjects to be based on â€Å"adequately performed laboratory and animal experimentation and on a thorough knowledge of the scientific literature.† This implies that human subjects should not be used unless and until successful experiments in animals, as well as in vitro, have been completed. The Declaration, like most consensus documents formulated by representatives of different nations and medical traditions, is often vague and difficult to interpret in specific cases. It might allow proceeding to clinical trials if adequate animal studies demonstrated the inapplicability irrelevance, or absence of a useful animal model. If animals died immediately after receiving a vaccine, this would undoubtedly prohibit using the vaccine in human subjects (6). I will conclude this paper by saying that research is the only way of getting rid of various diseases through proper treatment an d also benefiting future patients from those diseases which have no cure at present or any medical treatment available, so research should not be stopped. In my opinion, human volunteers can be involved in phase-1 trials but following all international guidelines and all other aspects of biomedical ethics. REFERENCES Inayat Ullah Memon. JUSTIFICATION OF PARTICIPATION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS IN PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIALS: AN ETHICAL ANALYSIS. Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2011; 2(2):26-29 Franklin G Miller and Steven Joffe. Benefit in phase 1 oncology trials: therapeutic misconception or reasonable treatment option? Clinical Trials. 2008; 5: 617-623. Bernard Dickens. Reverse Exploitation in the Baltimore Malaria Vaccine Study. Emily Abdoler, Holly Taylor, and David Wendler. The Ethics of Phase 0 Oncology Trials. Clin cancer Res. 2008; 14(12): 3692-3697. International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. CIOMS 2002; 1-113. Wendy K. Mariner. Why Clinical Trials of AIDS Vaccines Are Premature. Public Health and the Law. AJPH. 1989; Vol. 79, No. 1: 86-91.